I managed to improve my algorithm…down to 1 second.

Let’s see what I did using the triangular number 28 from the problem description.

divisors = [].

i = 1.
28 % 1 == 0 → true.
k = 28 / 1 = 28.
divisors.contains(1) → false, add 1 to divisors.
divisors.contains(28) → false, add 28 to divisors as well.
Therefore divisors = [1, 28].

Continue with i = 2.
28 % 2 == 0 → true.
k = 28 / 2 = 14.
divisors.contains(2) → false, add 2 to divisors.
divisors.contains(14) → false, add 14 to divisors.
divisors = [1, 2, 14, 28].

And so on…

28 % 3 == 0 → false, divisors = [1, 2, 14, 28].
28 % 4 == 0 → true, divisors = [1, 2, 4, 7, 14, 28].
28 % 5 == 0 → false,  divisors = [1, 2, 4, 7, 14, 28].
28 % 6 == 0 → false,  divisors = [1, 2, 4, 7, 14, 28].

…until…

28 % 7 == 0 → true
divisors.contains(7) → true.

Break and done!